The Red Badge of Courage. The Red Badge of Courage is a war novel by American author Stephen Crane (1. Taking place during the American Civil War, the story is about a young private of the Union Army, Henry Fleming, who flees from the field of battle. Overcome with shame, he longs for a wound, a . When his regiment once again faces the enemy, Henry acts as standard- bearer. Although Crane was born after the war, and had not at the time experienced battle first- hand, the novel is known for its realism.
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- The Red Badge of Courage is a war novel by American author Stephen Crane (1871–1900). Taking place during the American Civil War, the story is about a young private.
He began writing what would become his second novel in 1. Century Magazine) as inspiration. It is believed that he based the fictional battle on that of Chancellorsville; he may also have interviewed veterans of the 1.
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New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, commonly known as the Orange Blossoms. Initially shortened and serialized in newspapers in December 1. October 1. 89. 5. A longer version of the work, based on Crane's original manuscript, was published in 1. The novel is known for its distinctive style, which includes realistic battle sequences as well as the repeated use of color imagery, and ironic tone. Separating itself from a traditional war narrative, Crane's story reflects the inner experience of its protagonist (a soldier fleeing from combat) rather than the external world around him.
Also notable for its use of what Crane called a . Several of the themes that the story explores are maturation, heroism, cowardice, and the indifference of nature. The Red Badge of Courage garnered widespread acclaim, what H. The novel and its author did have their initial detractors, however, including author and veteran Ambrose Bierce.
Adapted several times for the screen, the novel became a bestseller. It has never been out of print and is now thought to be Crane's most important work and a major American text. Background. Linson. Stephen Crane published his first novel, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, in March 1. Maggie was not a success, either financially or critically. Most critics thought the unsentimental Bowery tale crude or vulgar, and Crane chose to publish the work privately after it was repeatedly rejected for publication. There, he became fascinated with issues of Century Magazine that were largely devoted to famous battles and military leaders from the Civil War.
They spout enough of what they did, but they're as emotionless as rocks. He later stated that he . He began writing what would become The Red Badge of Courage in June 1. Edmund in Lake View, New Jersey. He took the private's surname, .
He would later relate that the first paragraphs came to him with . Because he could not afford a typewriter, he carefully wrote in ink on legal- sized paper, occasionally crossing through or overlying a word. If he changed something, he would rewrite the whole page.
Mc. Clure, who held on to it for six months without publication. This version of the story, which was culled to 1. America, establishing Crane's fame.
Appleton & Company. This version of the novel differed greatly from Crane's original manuscript; the deletions were thought by some scholars to be due to demands by an Appleton employee who was afraid of public disapproval of the novel's content. Parts of the original manuscript removed from the 1. However, the contract also stipulated that he was not to receive royalties from the books sold in Great Britain, where they were released by Heinemann in early 1. Pioneer Series. Norton & Company published a version of the novel based on Crane's original 1.
Edited by Henry Binder, this version is questioned by those who believe Crane made the original edits for the 1. Appleton edition on his own accord. Eighteen- year- old Private Henry Fleming, remembering his romantic reasons for enlisting as well as his mother's resulting protests, wonders whether he will remain brave in the face of fear, or turn and run.
He is comforted by one of his friends from home, Jim Conklin, who admits that he would run from battle if his fellow soldiers also fled. During the regiment's first battle, Confederate soldiers charge, but are repelled. The enemy quickly regroups and attacks again, this time forcing some of the unprepared Union soldiers to flee. Fearing the battle is a lost cause, Henry deserts his regiment. It is not until after he reaches the rear of the army that he overhears a general announcing the Union's victory. In despair, he declared that he was not like those others.
He now conceded it to be impossible that he should ever become a hero. Those pictures of glory were piteous things. He groaned from his heart and went staggering off. The Red Badge of Courage, Chapter eleven. In his distress, he hurriedly leaves the clearing and stumbles upon a group of injured men returning from battle. One member of the group, a . Among the group is Jim Conklin, who has been shot in the side and is suffering delirium from blood- loss.
Jim eventually dies of his injury, defiantly resisting aid from his friend, and an enraged and helpless Henry runs from the wounded soldiers. He next joins a retreating column that is in disarray. In the ensuing panic, a man hits Henry on the head with his rifle, wounding him.
Exhausted, hungry, thirsty, and now wounded, Henry decides to return to his regiment regardless of his shame. When he arrives at camp, the other soldiers believe his injury resulted from a grazing bullet during battle. The other men care for the youth, dressing his wound. The next morning Henry goes into battle for the third time. His regiment encounters a small group of Confederates, and in the ensuing fight Henry proves to be a capable soldier, comforted by the belief that his previous cowardice had not been noticed, as he . The officer speaks casually about sacrificing the 3.
A line of Confederates hidden behind a fence beyond a clearing shoots with impunity at Henry's regiment, which is ill- covered in the tree- line. Facing withering fire if they stay and disgrace if they retreat, the officers order a charge.
Unarmed, Henry leads the men while entirely escaping injury. Most of the Confederates run before the regiment arrives, and four of the remaining men are taken prisoner. The novel closes with the following passage: It rained. The procession of weary soldiers became a bedraggled train, despondent and muttering, marching with churning effort in a trough of liquid brown mud under a low, wretched sky.
Yet the youth smiled, for he saw that the world was a world for him, though many discovered it to be made of oaths and walking sticks. He had rid himself of the red sickness of battle. The sultry nightmare was in the past. He had been an animal blistered and sweating in the heat and pain of war.
He turned now with a lover's thirst to images of tranquil skies, fresh meadows, cool brooks, an existence of soft and eternal peace. Over the river a golden ray of sun came through the hosts of leaden rain clouds. Nevertheless, the realistic portrayal of the battlefield in The Red Badge of Courage has often misled readers into thinking that Crane (despite being born six years after the end of the Civil War) was himself a veteran. While trying to explain his ability to write about battle realistically, Crane stated: . This anecdote, however, has not been substantiated. Details concerning specific campaigns during the war, especially regarding battle formations and actions during the Battle of Chancellorsville, have been noted by critics. The Red Badge of Courage is notable in its vivid descriptions and well- cadenced prose, both of which help create suspense within the story.
Blue and gray uniforms are mentioned, as are yellow and orange sunlight, and green forests, while men's faces grow red with rage or courage, and gray with death. For example, the novel begins by portraying the army as a living entity that is . Focusing on the complex internal struggle of its main character, rather than on the war itself.
He would like to prove to himself by some reasoning process that he will not 'run from the battle'. And in his unblooded regiment he can find no help.
He is alone with the problem of courage. The reader is right down in the midst of it where patriotism is dissolved into its elements and where only a dozen men can be seen, firing blindly and grotesquely into the smoke. This is war from a new point of view. He conceived persons with torn bodies to be peculiarly happy. He wished that he, too, had a wound, a red badge of courage. The Red Badge of Courage, Chapter nine. The wound he does receive (from the rifle butt of a fleeing Union soldier), however, is not a badge of courage but a badge of shame.
Beginning with Robert W. Stallman's 1. 96. Crane biography, several critics have explored the novel in terms of Christian allegory. Still others read the novel as having a Naturalist structure, comparing the work to those by Theodore Dreiser, Frank Norris and Jack London. The first twelve chapters, until he receives his accidental wound, expose his cowardice. The following chapters detail his growth and apparently resulting heroism. Finding solace in existential thoughts, he internally fights to make sense of the senseless world in which he finds himself.
When he seems to come to terms with his situation, he is yet again forced into the fears of battle, which threaten to strip him of his enlightened identity. As critic Donald Gibson stated in The Red Badge of Courage: Redefining the Hero, . It says there is no answer to the questions it raises; yet it says the opposite.. It says that Henry Fleming finally sees things as they are; it says he is a deluded fool. It says that Henry does not see things as they are; but no one else does either.
Dillingham also noted the novel's heroism paradox, especially in terms of the introspective Henry's lapse into unreasoning self- abandon in the second half of the book. Dillingham stated that . A fair field holding life. It was the religion of peace. It would die if its timid eyes were compelled to see blood.. He threw a pine cone at a jovial squirrel, and he ran with chattering fear.