Bulgarians - Wikipedia. Bulgarians. Bulgarian citizenship shall further be acquirable through naturalization. The Thracian language has been described as a southern Baltic language. By the 4th century the major city of Serdica had predominantly Thracian populace based on epigraphic evidence, which shows prevailing Latino- Thracian given names, but thereafter the names were completely replaced by Christian ones. The latter gradually inflicting total linguistic replacement of Thracian if the Thracians had not already been Romanized or Hellenized. According to epigraphic evidence at least the aristocracy of the Bulgars was Oghur.
Turkic in culture and Tengrist, but it is suggested that other ethnic elements may have been part of their composition. The Bulgars are not thought to have been numerous and became a ruling elite in the areas they controlled. Omurtag was the last ruler with a Turkic name and during the reign of Boris the Slavonic language reached an official level. During the Early Byzantine Era, the Roman provincials in Scythia Minor and Moesia Secunda were already engaged in economic and social exchange with the 'barbarians' north of the Danube. This might have facilitated their eventual Slavonization. The large scale population transfers and territorial expansions during the 8th and 9th century, additionally increased the number of the Slavs and Byzantine Christians within the state, making the Bulgars quite obviously a minority. After the adoption of Orthodox Christianity in 8.
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Slavic Europe. Its leading cultural position was consolidated with the invention of the Cyrillic script in its capital Preslav at the eve of the 1. Thus, Bulgarians, like other Christians, were subjected to heavy taxes and a small portion of the Bulgarian populace experienced partial or complete Islamisation.
To the common people, belonging to this Orthodox commonwealth became more important than their ethnic origins. During the second half of the 1. Enlightenment in Western Europe provided influence for the initiation of the National awakening of Bulgaria in 1. Russia worked to convince them to settle in areas recently conquered by it, especially in Bessarabia. As a consequence, many Bulgarian colonists settled there, and later they formed two military regiments, as part of the Russian military colonization of the area in 1.
The Bulgarians wanted to have their own schools and liturgy in Bulgarian, and they needed an independent ecclesiastical organisation. Discontent with the supremacy of the Greek Orthodox clergy, the struggle started to flare up in several Bulgarian dioceses in the 1. It was not until the 1. Bulgarians initiated a purposeful struggle against the Patriarchate of Constantinople.
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The struggle between the Bulgarians and the Greek Phanariotes intensified throughout the 1. In 1. 86. 1 the Vatican and the Ottoman government recognized a separate Bulgarian Uniat Church. As the Greek clerics were ousted from most Bulgarian bishoprics at the end of the decade, significant areas had been seceded from the Patriarchate's control. This movement restored the distinct Bulgarian national consciousness among the common people and led to the recognition of the Bulgarian Millet in 1. Ottomans. As result, two armed struggle movements started to develop as late as the beginning of the 1. Internal Revolutionary Organisation and the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee. Their armed struggle reached its peak with the April Uprising which broke out in 1.
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It resulted in the Russo- Turkish War (1. The issue of Bulgarian nationalism gained greater significance, following the Congress of Berlin which took back the regions of Macedonia and Adrianople area, returning them under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
Also an autonomous Ottoman province, called Eastern Rumelia was created in northern Thrace. During the early 1. Bulgarian revolutionary organizations were founded: the Internal Macedonian- Adrianople Revolutionary Organization and the Supreme Macedonian- Adrianople Committee. In 1. 90. 3 they participated in the unsuccessful Ilinden- Preobrazhenie Uprising against the Ottomans in Macedonia and the Adrianople vilayet. Macedonian Slavs were identified then predominantly as Bulgarians, and significant Bulgarophile sentiments endured up among them until the end of the Second World War.
The area was further fought over during the World War I (1. It was concluded that the contributions to the Bulgarian gene pool from the pre- Slavic indigenous population definitely outnumber that of the Slavic settlers who spread their language in the Balkans mainly by assimilation. Most Bulgarians belong to three unrelated Y- DNA haplogroups, 2. I- M4. 23 (I2a. 1b), 1. E- V1. 3 (E1b. 1b.
R- M1. 7 (R1a. 1a), but the biggest part belongs to macro- haplgoroup R (~2. The subclades of Haplogroup H may have not been studied but subclusters H1b and H2a are more common in eastern than in western Europeans. However, one of the plots of the largest- scale Bulgarian mt. DNA study itself, determined Bulgarians at shortest distance to Poles, followed by other Slavs such as Croats, Ukrainians and Czechs. In addition to alternative data situating Bulgarians closest to neighbouring Macedonians or Romanians, different data conisders them closest to Slovaks or Szekelys, or to Italians, or to Portuguese and Albanians, others determined northern Europeans and Slavs at shortest genetic distance to Bulgarians. There are significant Bulgarian minorities in Serbia, Turkey, Albania, Romania (Banat Bulgarians), as well as in Ukraine and Moldova (see Bessarabian Bulgarians). Many Bulgarians also live in the diaspora, which is formed by representatives and descendants of the old (before 1.
The old emigration was made up of some 2,4. The new emigration is estimated at some 9. U. S., Canada, Austria, and Germany and labour emigration at the end of the 1.
Greece, Italy, the UK and Spain. Migrations to the West have been quite steady even in the late 1.
US, Canada and Australia. Most Bulgarians living in Canada can be found in Toronto, Ontario, and the provinces with the most Bulgarians in Canada are Ontario and Quebec. According to the 2.
Bulgarian citizens in the city of Sofia. The total number of Bulgarians stood at over 9 million. The greater part of these people were also considered Bulgarians by most ethnographers until the early 2. These are shared with Romanian, Albanian and Greek (see Balkan language area) with which it is not at all mutually intelligible.
Until 1. 87. 8 Bulgarian was influenced lexically by medieval and modern Greek, and to a much lesser extent, by Turkish. More recently, the language has borrowed many words from Russian, German, French and English.
The Bulgarian language is spoken by the majority of the Bulgarian diaspora, but less so by the descendants of earlier emigrants to the U. S., Canada, Argentina and Brazil. Bulgarian linguists consider the officialized Macedonian language (since 1. Bulgarian, just as most ethnographers and linguists until the early 2. Slavic speech in the Macedonian region. The president of Bulgaria Zhelyu Zhelev, declined to recognize Macedonian as a separate language when the Republic of Macedonia became a new independent state.
The Bulgarian language is written in the Cyrillic script. Cyrillic alphabet. Modern versions of the alphabet are now used to write five more Slavic languages such as Belarusian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian and Ukrainian as well as Mongolian and some other 6. Soviet Union. Medieval Bulgaria was the most important cultural centre of the Slavic peoples at the end of the 9th and throughout the 1. The two literary schools of Preslav and Ohrid developed a rich literary and cultural activity with authors of the rank of Constantine of Preslav, John Exarch, Chernorizets Hrabar, Clement and Naum of Ohrid. Bulgaria exerted similar influence on her neighbouring countries in the mid- to late 1.
Tarnovo Literary School, with the work of Patriarch Evtimiy, Gregory Tsamblak, Constantine of Kostenets (Konstantin Kostenechki). Bulgarian cultural influence was especially strong in Wallachia and Moldova where the Cyrillic script was used until 1.
Church Slavonic was the official language of the princely chancellery and of the church until the end of the 1. Name system. The vast majority of them have either Christian (names like Lazar, Ivan, Anna, Maria, Ekaterina) or Slavic origin (Vladimir, Svetoslav, Velislava). After the Liberation in 1. Bulgar rulers like Asparuh, Krum, Kubrat and Tervel were resurrected. The old Bulgar name Boris has spread from Bulgaria to a number of countries in the world. Most Bulgarian male surnames have an - ovsurname suffix (Cyrillic: - .
This is sometimes transcribed as - off or . The - ov suffix is the Slavic gender- agreeing suffix, thus Ivanov (Bulgarian: .
Bulgarian middle names are patronymic and use the gender- agreeing suffix as well, thus the middle name of Nikola's son becomes Nikolov, and the middle name of Ivan's son becomes Ivanov. Since names in Bulgarian are gender- based, Bulgarian women have the - ovasurname suffix (Cyrillic: - . The plural form of Bulgarian names ends in - ovi (Cyrillic: - . The female surname in this case would have the - evasurname suffix (Cyrillic: - .
The last name of the entire family then would have the plural form of - evi (Cyrillic: - . This surname ending also gets an .
The plural form of the surname suffix - ski is still - ski, e. It used to be given to the child of an unmarried woman (for example the son of Kuna will get the surname Kunin and the son of Gana . The surname suffix - ich can be found only occasionally, primarily among the Roman Catholic Bulgarians.
The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is the independent national church of Bulgaria like the other national branches of the Orthodox communion and is considered a dominating element of Bulgarian national consciousness. The church was abolished once, during the period of Ottoman rule (1. In 2. 01. 1, the Orthodox Church at least nominally had a total of 4,3.